Ученые выявили общие принципы противовирусного иммунитета у людей и бактерий

Abstract Defence against viral infection is a conserved feature of all cellular life. From single-cell bacteria to humans and complex multicellular animals, constitutive and inducible forms of immunity are required to inhibit viruses and safeguard cellular fitness. Recent studies reveal that the components of human antiviral immunity are surprisingly ancient, originating billions of years ago in bacteria as pathways that defend against phage replication. The unification of previously disparate fields of human and bacterial immunity creates a foundation to explain key features of host–virus interactions. This Review defines principles of pathogen recognition, signal amplification and immune effector function that shape mechanisms of antiviral immunity that are shared across kingdoms of life. Shared forms of immunity, including cGAS–STING, inflammasomes, argonautes and viperin, reveal ancient features of antiviral defence. Similarly, direct comparisons of pattern recognition receptors and interferon-stimulated genes in human cells with CRISPR immunity and anti-phage defence systems in bacteria explain prevalent strategies to effectively sense and inhibit viral replication. Cross-kingdom analysis reveals universal rules that control host–virus interactions and highlights open questions in understanding of antiviral immunity. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution Access options Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription $32.99 / 30 days cancel any time Subscribe to this journal Receive 52 print issues and online access $199.00 per year only $3.83 per issue Buy this article - Purchase on SpringerLink - Instant access to the full article PDF. USD 39.95 Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout Similar content being viewed by others References - Iuliano, A. D. et al. 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Acknowledgements The author thanks members of the Kranzusch laboratory, R. Sorek and A. Bernheim for extensive discussions. Research in the Kranzusch laboratory is funded by grants to P.J.K. from the Pew Biomedical Scholars programme, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund PATH programme, The Mathers Foundation, the Cancer Research Institute, the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, the Gates Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (1DP2GM146250-01). Ethics declarations Competing interests The author declares no competing interests. Peer review Peer review information Nature thanks Zhijian (James) Chen and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rights and permissions Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. About this article Cite this article Kranzusch, P.J. Shared principles of human and bacterial antiviral immunity. Nature 656, 307–319 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10756-5 - Received: - Accepted: - Published: - Version of record: - Issue date: - DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10756-5