Системная вакцинология: как ИИ и мультиомикс меняют дизайн вакцин

Abstract Vaccination is one of the greatest triumphs in human history. Traditionally, vaccines were designed to stimulate antibody responses that block infection, but this overlooks the immune system’s complex and multifaceted defence mechanisms. Here we review the current state of the field of systems vaccinology, which has transformed vaccine research by using vaccines as controlled probes of the human immune system and by applying multi-omics and computational approaches to reveal the nature of human immunity. These approaches have identified molecular signatures that predict the magnitude and durability of immune responses and revealed new human biology, including how host genetics, metabolism and the microbiome shape immunity, and demonstrated that host defence emerges from coordinated immune programs spanning baseline immune state, early response dynamics and tissue-level interactions. Rapid advances in artificial intelligence are beginning to accelerate the distillation of knowledge and understanding from vast multi-omics datasets. These developments position systems vaccinology as a powerful framework for rational vaccine design. However, despite its considerable impact on discovery and human immunology, considerable challenges remain in translating these insights into clinical and regulatory practice. Addressing this translational gap will be essential for realizing the full potential of systems vaccinology to deliver safer, more effective vaccines against existing and emerging infectious threats. 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I acknowledge support from the National Institutes of Health, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Philanthropy, DARPA and other donors. Ethics declarations Competing interests B.P. serves or has served on the External Immunology Board of GSK and on the scientific advisory board of Pfizer Vaccines, Sanofi, Medicago, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharmajet, Icosavax, Imu Biosciences and Ed-Jen, and held shares at CircBio and Orbital Therapeutics. Peer review Peer review information Nature thanks Slim Fourati and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rights and permissions Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. About this article Cite this article Pulendran, B. Systems vaccinology and the architecture of human immunity. Nature 656, 833–842 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10753-8 - Received: - Accepted: - Published: - Version of record: - Issue date: - DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10753-8