Наследие Норберта Винера: как идеи кибернетики предсказали вызовы искусственного интеллекта

Listen to this article in summarized format Wiener was an unusual figure even by the standards of 20th-century mathematics. He was a child prodigy who graduated from Tufts University at 14 and earned a PhD from Harvard at 18. He later joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1919 and remained there for the rest of his career. His work eventually took him into a field that would have a lasting impact on computer science and artificial intelligence. How a wartime problem led Wiener to cybernetics During World War II, Wiener worked on the problem of predicting the movement of enemy aircraft so anti-aircraft guns could aim more accurately. The work forced him to think about how a machine could use information about what had already happened to anticipate what might happen next. That became an important part of his later thinking. Wiener realised that many systems, including machines and living organisms, depend on feedback. A system takes in information, responds to it and then adjusts its behaviour based on what happens next. He developed these ideas into cybernetics, the study of communication and control in animals and machines. His 1948 book Cybernetics: Or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine helped establish the field and went on to influence areas including computer science, control theory, biology and artificial intelligence. At the time, there was no ChatGPT, no internet and nothing resembling today's consumer AI. Still, Wiener was already asking how information could allow a system to respond to its surroundings and improve its behaviour. Wiener was looking beyond machines themselves Wiener's interest was not limited to making machines more capable. He was also interested in what would happen to humans as machines became more useful. In 1950, he published The Human Use of Human Beings, a book aimed at general readers rather than only scientists. The book examined the growing relationship between people and machines and raised concerns about automation, employment, decision-making and the concentration of technological power. Wiener believed machines could be extremely useful, but he did not see technology as automatically beneficial. A machine can carry out instructions quickly and efficiently, but that does not mean it understands the human purpose behind those instructions. That distinction is still relevant in the age of AI, where systems can produce answers and recommendations at a speed that can make people less likely to question how those results were produced. His 5 predictions that sound familiar in the AI era Wiener's writings contained several warnings and predictions that now look surprisingly familiar. They were not predictions about ChatGPT specifically, since the technology did not exist and would have been difficult to imagine at the time. Instead, they were broader observations about automation and intelligent machines. 1. Automation could replace human jobs. Wiener warned that machines could reduce the need for human labour in certain areas, potentially creating unemployment and social tensions. 2. Machines could make decisions people did not expect. He recognised that increasingly complex systems might produce outcomes that were difficult for their human creators to anticipate. 3. Humans could become too dependent on machines. Faster and more efficient machines could gradually encourage people to hand over more decisions to technology. 4. Powerful organisations could use information systems to increase their control. Wiener was concerned about the influence that governments and large organisations could gain through control over communication and information. 5. Technology needed to remain under human direction. His concern was not simply whether machines became intelligent, but whether humans remained responsible for deciding what those machines should be used for. One of his clearest warnings was: “The machine’s danger to society is not from the machine itself but from what man makes of it.” Why his work still matters after ChatGPT Wiener died in 1964, nearly six decades before ChatGPT became publicly available. He never saw personal computers, the internet or generative AI. Yet his work continues to appear relevant because the central issue he raised was never really about one particular machine. It was about the relationship between humans and the technology they create. His ideas about feedback became part of the intellectual history behind modern computing and AI, while The Human Use of Human Beings raised questions about automation and human control that remain part of today's AI debate. ChatGPT arrived in 2022 and brought artificial intelligence into the daily lives of millions of people. But many of the questions it created were already being considered by Wiener more than 70 years earlier. His work serves as a reminder that the difficult part of AI may not only be making machines more capable, but deciding how much control humans should give them. (Catch all the Business News, Breaking News, and Latest News Updates on The Economic Times.) Subscribe to The Economic Times Prime and read the ET ePaper online. (Catch all the Business News, Breaking News, and Latest News Updates on The Economic Times.) Subscribe to The Economic Times Prime and read the ET ePaper online.